¿Sabemos Cuántos Profesionales Especialistas En Psicología Clínica Trabajan En El Sistema Nacional De Salud Español? / Do We Know How Many Professional Specialists In Clinical Psychology Work In The Spanish National Health System?

En este artículo se revisan, analizan y discuten los datos existentes a partir de diferentes fuentes de datos desde 2003 sobre el número de profesionales especialistas en Psicología clínica que trabajan en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Los datos hay que tomarlos con mucha cautela por la diversidad de fuentes y metodología utilizada; pero se concluye que el número total estimado de Psicólogos Especialistas en Psicología clínica más los «PESTOS» que trabajan en el SNS puede estar en torno a 2600-2800, con una ratio por 100000 habitantes en torno al 5,58, con grandes diferencias entre Comunidades Autónomas. En los últimos 15 años, el incremento medio de la ratio de psicólogos por 100000 habitantes se sitúa en algo más de un psicólogo. Se recomienda realizar estudios detallados para saber no solo cuántos especialistas en Psicología clínica hay en cada Comunidad Autónoma, sino en qué tipo de niveles y en qué tipo de dispositivos se ubican. (AU)

This article reviews, analyzes, and discusses existing data since 2003 on the number of psychologists who are specialists in clinical psychology working in the Spanish National Health System (SNS) from different data sources. The data must be taken with great caution due to the diversity of sources and methodology used, but it is concluded that the total estimated number of Specialist Psychologists in Clinical Psychology plus «PESTOS» [specialist psychologists without an official qualification] who work in the SNS may be around 2,600-2800, with a ratio per 100,000 inhabitants around 5.58, with great differences between autonomous communities. In the last 15 years, the average increase in the ratio of psychologists per 100,000 inhabitants is slightly more than one psychologist. It is recommended to carry out detailed studies to find out not only how many specialists in clinical psychology there are in each autonomous community, but also at what levels and in what type of units they are located. (AU)

The COVID-19 telepsychology revolution: A national study of pandemic-based changes in U.S. mental health care delivery.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered mental health care delivery like no other event in modern history. The purpose of this study was to document the magnitude of that effect by examining (a) the amount of psychologists' telepsychology use before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the pandemic, and anticipated use after the pandemic; as well as (b) the demographic, training, policy, and clinical practice predictors of these changes. This study used a cross-sectional, national online design to recruit 2,619 licensed psychologists practicing in the United States. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, psychologists performed 7.07% of their clinical work with telepsychology, which increased 12-fold to 85.53% during the pandemic, with 67.32% of psychologists conducting all of their clinical work with telepsychology. Psychologists projected that they would perform 34.96% of their clinical work via telepsychology after the pandemic. Psychologists working in outpatient treatment facilities reported over a 26-fold increase in telepsychology use during the pandemic, while those in Veterans Affairs medical centers only reported a sevenfold increase. A larger increase in percentage telepsychology use occurred in women, in psychologists who reported an increase in telepsychology training and supportive organizational telepsychology policies, and in psychologists who treated relationship issues, anxiety, and women's issues. The lowest increases in percentage telepsychology use were reported by psychologists working in rural areas, treating antisocial personality disorder, performing testing and evaluation, and treating rehabilitation populations. Although there was a remarkable increase in telepsychology use during the COVID-19 pandemic, individual and practice characteristics affected psychologists' ability to adopt telepsychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Role of clinical psychology in UK hospices.

OBJECTIVE: The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2004) guidance recommends a tiered approach to psychological care within cancer care. This includes the provision of Clinical Psychologists to support other professionals to deliver high-quality psychological care at levels 1 and 2 and to provide direct input to patients experiencing high levels of distress at level 4. However, little is known about the role of Clinical Psychology within UK Hospices currently. A survey of Clinical Psychologists working in this area was undertaken to address this gap in knowledge. METHODS: We conducted an anonymous online survey of Clinical Psychologists working in Hospice organisations across the UK. Recruitment was completed via professional networking groups, social media and by contacting UK Hospice organisations. The survey included quantitative and qualitative items about professionals' experience, how their input is organised, their roles and activities and their views on the valuable and challenging aspects of working in this setting. RESULTS: Eighteen Clinical Psychologists responded and there was considerable variance in how their roles were organised. The tasks undertaken by most respondents were direct work with and consultation for hospice patients, and teaching and training staff. However, the findings demonstrated that Clinical Psychologists can undertake a wide range of tasks and draw on a range of therapeutic approaches including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion Focused Therapy, in their hospice work. CONCLUSION: Our results provide an overview of the role of Clinical Psychology in UK Hospices and demonstrate the contribution that Psychologists can make to this field.

Open science practices in clinical psychology journals: An audit study.

We conducted an audit of 60 clinical psychology journals, covering the first 2 quartiles by impact factor on Web of Science. We evaluated editorial policies in 5 domains crucial to reproducibility and transparency (prospective registration, data sharing, preprints, endorsement of reporting guidelines and conflict of interest [COI] disclosure). We examined implementation in a randomly selected cross-sectional sample of 201 articles published in 2017 in the "best practice" journals, defined as having explicit supportive policies in 4 out of 5 domains. Our findings showed that 15 journals cited prospective registration, 40 data sharing, 15 explicitly permitted preprints, 28 endorsed reporting guidelines, and 52 had mandatory policies for COI disclosure. Except for COI disclosure, few policies were mandatory: registration in 15 journals, data sharing in 1, and reporting guidelines for randomized trials in 18 and for meta-analyses in 15. Seventeen journals were identified as "best practice." An analysis of recent articles showed extremely low compliance for prospective registration (3% articles) and data sharing (2%). One preprint could be identified. Reporting guidelines were endorsed in 19% of the articles, though for most articles this domain was rated as nonapplicable. Only half of the articles included a COI disclosure. Desired open science policies should become clear and mandatory, and their enforcement streamlined by reducing the multiplicity of guidelines and templates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Doctoral training in clinical psychology across 23 years: Continuity and change.

OBJECTIVE: Doctoral training in clinical psychology has undergone substantial changes in recent decades, especially with the increasing heterogeneity of training models and graduate students. To document these changes, we analyzed program, student, and faculty characteristics of American Psychological Association (APA)-accredited clinical psychology programs over a 23-year span. METHOD: We surveyed directors of clinical training about their doctoral programs every 2 years from 1991 to 2013, securing 90%-98% response rates. With minimal exceptions, the survey questions remained constant. RESULTS: Percentages of female and racial/ethnic minority students continued to grow, such that women now comprise about three quarters of trainees and ethnic minorities about one quarter. There has been a decisive shift in faculty theoretical orientation toward cognitive/cognitive-behavioral and away from psychodynamic/psychoanalytic. Internship match rates were relatively high and stable until the early 2010s but have recently rebounded. CONCLUSION: We discuss the limitations of these survey results and their implications for the future of doctoral training in clinical psychology.

Integrating clients' religion/spirituality in clinical practice: A comparison among social workers, psychologists, counselors, marriage and family therapists, and nurses.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to describe and compare five helping professions' views and behaviors regarding the integration of clients' religion/spirituality (RS) in clinical practice. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used to survey 3,500 licensed clinical psychologists, nurses, marriage and family therapists (LMFTs), clinical social workers, and professional counselors across Texas. A total of 550 responded to this online survey, which included the Religious/Spiritually Integrated Practice Assessment Scale and background questions. RESULTS: Attitudes concerning the integration of clients' RS did not differ by profession and were fairly positive. However, differences emerged regarding self-efficacy, perceived feasibility, and behaviors, with LMFTs reporting the highest scores for these subscales. CONCLUSION: This is the first comparison of these five professions' attitudes, behaviors, perceived feasibility, and self-efficacy regarding integrating clients' RS. These encouraging results not only indicate helping professionals' openness to integrating clients' RS, but also highlight key differences in training, self-efficacy, views of feasibility, and implementation.

A methodological review of meta-analyses of the effectiveness of clinical psychology treatments.

This article presents a methodological review of 54 meta-analyses of the effectiveness of clinical psychological treatments, using standardized mean differences as the effect size index. We statistically analyzed the distribution of the number of studies of the meta-analyses, the distribution of the sample sizes in the studies of each meta-analysis, the distribution of the effect sizes in each of the meta-analyses, the distribution of the between-studies variance values, and the Pearson correlations between effect size and sample size in each meta-analysis. The results are presented as a function of the type of standardized mean difference: posttest standardized mean difference, standardized mean change from pretest to posttest, and standardized mean change difference between groups. These findings will help researchers design future Monte Carlo and theoretical studies on the performance of meta-analytic procedures, based on the manipulation of realistic model assumptions and parameters of the meta-analyses. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of the mean effect sizes through the meta-analyses provides a specific guide for the interpretation of the clinical significance of the different types of standardized mean differences within the field of the evaluation of clinical psychological interventions.

Examining the interrater reliability of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised across a large sample of trained raters.

The goal of the current study was to assess the interrater reliability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) among a large sample of trained raters (N = 280). All raters completed PCL-R training at some point between 1989 and 2012 and subsequently provided complete coding for the same 6 practice cases. Overall, 3 major conclusions can be drawn from the results: (a) reliability of individual PCL-R items largely fell below any appropriate standards while the estimates for Total PCL-R scores and factor scores were good (but not excellent); (b) the cases representing individuals with high psychopathy scores showed better reliability than did the cases of individuals in the moderate to low PCL-R score range; and (c) there was a high degree of variability among raters; however, rater specific differences had no consistent effect on scoring the PCL-R. Therefore, despite low reliability estimates for individual items, Total scores and factor scores can be reliably scored among trained raters. We temper these conclusions by noting that scoring standardized videotaped case studies does not allow the rater to interact directly with the offender. Real-world PCL-R assessments typically involve a face-to-face interview and much more extensive collateral information. We offer recommendations for new web-based training procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record

Further examination of predictors of turnover intention among mental health professionals.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: When mental health professionals leave organizations, detrimental effects on quality of patient care occur. Reasons for leaving include incivility, lack of autonomy, perceptions of unfair treatment and feeling psychologically unsafe at work. This paper sought to investigate additional reasons why mental health professionals intend to quit or to cognitively withdraw from their jobs. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Past research on this topic is limited in its scope and data. Mainly fragmented evidence is available about predictors of job satisfaction and turnover intention (i.e. different mental health occupations examined in separate studies). Only two existing studies that examined broader mental health provider groups were limited by including few workforce settings, small sample sizes and insufficiently rigorous statistical analyses. We examined four occupations (mental health nurses, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists), each represented through a large sample in multiple settings, all within one large healthcare network with complex patients. Our contribution is finding additional predictors (supervisory support, emotional exhaustion) of job satisfaction/turnover intention. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Organizations can consider using culture change initiatives to increase civility at work; this includes leadership support and role modelling of workplace behaviours. Leaders should monitor staffing levels and high workloads to pre-empt emotional exhaustion, which predicts turnover. Hiring and training supervisors should involve not only technical expertise, but also 'soft skills' necessary for creating civil and supportive work environments. Leaders and managers should use employee feedback data (e.g. organizational surveys) to learn about the workplace environments, and address areas of employees' concern. ABSTRACT: Introduction Given the global shortage of mental health professionals, high turnover rates within this workforce are concerning. We used United States of America Veterans Health Administration data to add to the limited knowledge about this topic. Aim We examined predictors of turnover intention, or an employee's cognitive withdrawal from their job, in a large sample of direct care mental health professionals, separating among occupations to increase the pragmatic relevance of our findings. Method Survey data from 10 997 mental health employees working in direct patient contact (2432 registered nurses, 3769 social workers, 2520 psychologists and 1276 psychiatrists) were used in a cross-sectional design with structural equation modelling techniques for model testing. Results Job satisfaction was predicted by civility (courteous and respectful workplace behaviours) and supervisory support. Job satisfaction predicted emotional exhaustion which predicted turnover intention. Job satisfaction also directly predicted turnover intention and turnover plans. Discussion Predictors of job satisfaction included civility and supervisory support. Emotional exhaustion predicted turnover intention. Results inform organizational actions to address these work environment characteristics. Implications for practice Organizations can initiate culture changes to improve civility and develop supervisors' 'soft skills' in conjunction with technical expertise.

They're NICE and Neat, but Are They Useful? A Grounded Theory of Clinical Psychologists' Beliefs About and Use of NICE Guidelines.

Guidelines are ubiquitous but inconsistently used in UK mental health services. Clinical psychologists are often influential in guideline development and implementation, but opinion within the profession is divided. This study utilized grounded theory methodology to examine clinical psychologists' beliefs about and use of NICE guidelines. Eleven clinical psychologists working in the NHS were interviewed. The overall emerging theme was; NICE guidelines are considered to have benefits but to be fraught with dangers. Participants were concerned that guidelines can create an unhelpful illusion of neatness. They managed the tension between the helpful and unhelpful aspects of guidelines by relating to them in a flexible manner. The participants reported drawing on specialist skills such as idiosyncratic formulation and integration. However, due to the pressures and dominant discourses within services they tended to practice in ways that prevent these skills from being recognized. This led to fears that their professional identity was threatened, which impacted upon perceptions of the guidelines. To our knowledge, the theoretical framework presented in this paper is the first that attempts to explain why NICE guidelines are not consistently utilized in UK mental health services. The current need for services to demonstrate 'NICE compliance' may be leading to a perverse incentive for clinical psychologists in particular to do one thing but say another and for specialist skills to be obscured. If borne out by future studies, this represents a threat to continued quality improvement and also to the profession. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Guidelines have many benefits, but the current pressure for services to be 'NICE compliant' may be having unintended negative as well as positive effects. Lack of implementation may be partly the result of active choice by clinicians concerned to use the full range of professional skills and to offer flexibility and choice to service users. The current context is creating a perverse incentive for clinicians to say one thing but do another. This is problematic for services and a potential threat to the profession of clinical psychology.

Sex Bias in Classifying Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

This study investigated sex bias in the classification of borderline and narcissistic personality disorders. A sample of psychologists in training for a post-master degree (N = 180) read brief case histories (male or female version) and made DSM classification. To differentiate sex bias due to sex stereotyping or to base rate variation, we used different case histories, respectively: (1) non-ambiguous case histories with enough criteria of either borderline or narcissistic personality disorder to meet the threshold for classification, and (2) an ambiguous case with subthreshold features of both borderline and narcissistic personality disorder. Results showed significant differences due to sex of the patient in the ambiguous condition. Thus, when the diagnosis is not straightforward, as in the case of mixed subthreshold features, sex bias is present and is influenced by base-rate variation. These findings emphasize the need for caution in classifying personality disorders, especially borderline or narcissistic traits.

Current Trends in Theoretical Orientation of Psychologists: The Case of Quebec Clinicians.

OBJECTIVE: Trends indicate that clinical psychologists' theoretical orientations have changed over the last decades in North America, but research on this topic in Canada is scarce. We analyzed the orientation of psychologists over the last 20 years in the province of Quebec, where 46% of Canadian psychologists are located. METHOD: Data were collected annually through the board registration form of Quebec psychologists' professional order from 1993 to 2013. Univariate statistical analyses were realized on aggregated data. RESULTS: In 20 years, the proportion of clinicians choosing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as their main orientation grew from 18.4% to 38%, while preference for other orientations slightly declined. Existential-humanistic and psychodynamic-psychoanalytic approaches remained the primary orientation for around 21.7% and 21.5%, respectively. In 2013 (N = 8608), when taking into account 2 choices of theoretical orientation, 55.8% of clinicians chose CBT, 34.3% existential-humanistic orientation, 27.9% psychodynamic-analytic theories, and 21.8% systemic-interactional orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underline trends in Quebec clinical practice characterized by an increase in the number of psychologists identifying cognitive-behavioral approach as their primary self-reported theoretical orientation.

Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries.

PURPOSE: Whilst formal coercion in psychiatry is regulated by legislation, other interventions that are often referred to as informal coercion are less regulated. It remains unclear to what extent these interventions are, and how they are used, in mental healthcare. This paper aims to identify the attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals towards the use of informal coercion across countries with differing sociocultural contexts. METHOD: Focus groups with mental health professionals were conducted in ten countries with different sociocultural contexts (Canada, Chile, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). RESULTS: Five common themes were identified: (a) a belief that informal coercion is effective; (b) an often uncomfortable feeling using it; (c) an explicit as well as (d) implicit dissonance between attitudes and practice-with wider use of informal coercion than is thought right in theory; (e) a link to principles of paternalism and responsibility versus respect for the patient's autonomy. CONCLUSIONS: A disapproval of informal coercion in theory is often overridden in practice. This dissonance occurs across different sociocultural contexts, tends to make professionals feel uneasy, and requires more debate and guidance.

Reading the Road Signs: The Utility of the MMPI-2 Restructured Form Validity Scales in Prediction of Premature Termination.

This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Validity Scales in prediction of premature termination in a sample of 511 individuals seeking services from a university-based psychology clinic. Higher scores on True Response Inconsistency-Revised and Infrequent Psychopathology Responses increased the risk of premature termination, whereas higher scores on Adjustment Validity lowered the risk of premature termination. Additionally, when compared with individuals who did not prematurely terminate, individuals who prematurely terminated treatment had lower Global Assessment of Functioning scores at both intake and termination and made fewer improvements. Implications of these findings for the use of the MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales in promoting treatment compliance are discussed.

Uso de técnicas de exposición en una clínica de psicología / Use of Exposure Techniques in a Psychology Clinic

El objetivo del artículo es indagar el uso de las técnicas de exposición en la práctica de la psicología clínica asistencial. Se analiza el tipo de técnicas de exposición, su frecuencia de uso, tanto en general como en función del diagnóstico, y su relación con los resultados del tratamiento. De los 880 pacientes de la Clínica Universitaria de Psicología de la Universidad Complutense, con todo tipo de diagnóstico, el 67.2% son mujeres y su edad media es de 32.79 años. Los resultados señalan que el 39.5% de los casos ha utilizado alguna técnica de exposición, siendo la Exposición Gradual la más frecuente (31.6%). Predomina el uso de las técnicas de exposición en trastornos de ansiedad (70.8%), somatomorfos (47.4%) y sexuales (47.1%). Se observa un incremento en el uso de técnicas de exposición en los casos con comorbilidad (55.4% frente a 36.3%). De los casos que han recibido alguna técnica de exposición, el 74.1% ha finalizado con éxito el tratamiento, frente al 61.9% de los que no han utilizado ninguna técnica de exposición. Se discuten los resultados, destacando el valor de usar técnicas de exposición para reducir la evitación o las respuestas de miedo con independencia del diagnóstico.

The aim of this work is to explore the use of exposure techniques at the health care context of a clinical psychology facility. Different modalities of exposure techniques, their frequency of usage - both across the entire sample and considering different diagnostic groups - and their relationship to the treatment results, were analysed. From the 880 patients with diverse diagnosis treated at the University Psychology Clinic of the Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 67.2% were women, with a mean of32.79 years. Results show that exposure techniques were used in 39.5% of total cases, being gradual exposure the most frequent (31.6%). Exposure techniques were employed foremost on anxiety disorders (70.8%), somatoform disorders (47.4%), and sexual disorders (47.1%). Also, it was observed that exposure techniques were used more often in cases with one or more comorbid diagnosis (55.4 vs. 36.3%). 74.1% of the patients treated with exposure techniques received therapeutic discharge, while 61.9% of patients not treated with exposure techniques were discharged. The results are discussed, emphasizing the utility of exposure techniques to treat avoidant or fearful behaviour regardless of the diagnosis.

The role of perceived helpfulness in predicting subjective unmet need and the frequency of health care use.

OBJECTIVES: We scrutinize the health care use of divorcees, in order to explain why users of mental health care have a higher risk of perceiving an unmet need. We hypothesize that a perception of low helpfulness of received care heightens the risk of perceiving an unmet need and becoming a less frequent health care user. METHODS: Three subsamples from the Divorce in Flanders survey are selected: those who contacted a general practitioner (n=816), a psychiatrist (n=205), or a psychologist (n=251) because of social or emotional problems. Logistic regressions are used in order to explore the correlates of subjective unmet need and the frequency of contact with a health care provider among each subsample. RESULTS: show that patients who perceived that care was not helpful more often reported an unmet need and made less frequent use of health care. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that people are less inclined to seek further help when they perceive previous help as being ineffective.

Empirically supported treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia in a Spanish psychology clinic.

The aim of this work is to study the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (PD/Ag), as well as the characteristics of the treatment and its results and cost in a University Psychology Clinic. Fifty patients demanded psychological assistance for PD/Ag; 80% were women, with an average age of 29.22 years (SD = 9.03). Mean number of evaluation sessions was 3.26 (SD = 1.03), and of treatment sessions, 13.39 (SD = 9.237). Of the patients, 83.33% were discharged (that is, questionnaire scores were below the cut-off point indicated by the authors, and no PD/Ag was observed at readministration of the semistructured interview), 5.5% refused treatment, and 11% were dropouts. The average number of treatment sessions of patients who achieved therapeutic success was 15.13 (SD = 8.98). Effect sizes (d) greater than 1 were obtained in all the scales. Changes in all scales were significant (p < .05). The estimated cost of treatment for patients who achieved therapeutic success was 945.12€. The treatment results are at least similar to those of studies of efficacy and effectiveness for PD/Ag. The utility of generalizing treatments developed in research settings to a welfare clinic is discussed.

Evaluating clinical significance: incorporating robust statistics with normative comparison tests.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a modified test of equivalence for conducting normative comparisons when distribution shapes are non-normal and variances are unequal. A Monte Carlo study was used to compare the empirical Type I error rates and power of the proposed Schuirmann-Yuen test of equivalence, which utilizes trimmed means, with that of the previously recommended Schuirmann and Schuirmann-Welch tests of equivalence when the assumptions of normality and variance homogeneity are satisfied, as well as when they are not satisfied. The empirical Type I error rates of the Schuirmann-Yuen were much closer to the nominal α level than those of the Schuirmann or Schuirmann-Welch tests, and the power of the Schuirmann-Yuen was substantially greater than that of the Schuirmann or Schuirmann-Welch tests when distributions were skewed or outliers were present. The Schuirmann-Yuen test is recommended for assessing clinical significance with normative comparisons.

A note on statistical power in multi-site randomized trials with multiple treatments at each site.

We derive the statistical power functions in multi-site randomized trials with multiple treatments at each site, using multi-level modelling. An F statistic is used to test multiple parameters in the multi-level model instead of the Wald chi square test as suggested in the current literature. The F statistic is shown to be more conservative than the Wald statistic in testing any overall treatment effect among the multiple study conditions. In addition, we improvise an easy way to estimate the non-centrality parameters for the means comparison t-tests and the F test, using Helmert contrast coding in the multi-level model. The variance of treatment means, which is difficult to fathom but necessary for power analysis, is decomposed into intuitive simple effect sizes in the contrast tests. The method is exemplified by a multi-site evaluation study of the behavioural interventions for cannabis dependence.